BOOK II.

INTRODUCTION.

Twelve names of the Son of God are recounted, being distributed into three 
classes. These names are so many proofs of the eternity not only of the 
Son, but of the Father also. Furthermore, they are compared with the twelve 
stones in the High Priest s breastplate, and their inseparability is shown 
by a new distribution of them. Returning to the comparison with the High 
Priest's breastplate, the writer sets forth the beauty of the woven-work 
and the precious stones of the mystic raiment, and the hidden meaning of 
that division into woven-work and precious stones, which being done, he 
expounds the comparison drawn by him, showing that faith must be woven in 
with works, and adds a short summary of the same faith, as concerning the 
Son.

    1. Enough hath been said, as I think, your sacred Majesty, in the book 
preceding to show that the Son of God is an eternal being, not diverse from 
the Father, begotten, not created; we have also proved, from passages of 
the Scriptures, that God's true Son is God,(3) and is declared so to be by 
the evident tokens of His Majesty.

    2. Wherefore, albeit what hath already been set forth is plentiful even 
to overflowing for maintaining the Faith--seeing that the greatness of a 
river is mostly judged of from the manner in which its springs rise and 
flow forth--still, to the end that our belief may be the plainer to sight, 
the waters of our spring ought, methinks, to be parted off into three 
channels. There are, then, firstly, plain tokens declaring essential 
inherence in the Godhead; secondly, the expressions of the likeness of the 
Father and the Son; and lastly, those of the undoubtable unity of the 
Divine Majesty. Now of the first sort are the names "begetting," "God," 
"Son," "The Word;"(4) of the second, "brightness," "expression," "mirror," 
"image;" and of the third, "wisdom," "power," "truth," "life."(3)

    3. These tokens so declare the nature of the Son, that by them you may 
know both that the Father is eternal, and that the Son is not diverse from 
Him; for the source of generation is He Who is,(4) and as begotten of the 
Eternal, He is God; coming forth from the Father, He is the Son;(5) from 
God, He is the Word; He is the radiance of the Father's glory, the 
expression of His substance,(6) the counterpart of God,(7) the image of His 
majesty; the Bounty of Him Who is bountiful, the Wisdom of Him Who is wise, 
the Power of the Mighty One, the Truth of Him Who is true,8 the Life of the 
Living One.(9) In agreement, therefore, stand the attributes of Father and 
Son, that none may suppose any diversity, or doubt but that they are of one 
Majesty. For each and all of these names would we furnish examples of their 
use were we not constrained by a desire to maintain our discourse within 
bounds.

    4. Of these twelve, as of twelve precious stones, is the pillar of our 
faith built up. For these are the precious stones--sardius, jasper, 
smaragd, chrysolite, and the rest,--woven into the robe of holy Aaron,(10) 
even of him who bears the likeness of Christ,(1) that is, of the true 
Priest; stones set in gold, and inscribed with the names of the sons of 
Israel, twelve stones close joined and fitting one into another, for if any 
should sunder or separate them, the whole fabric of the faith falls in 
ruins.

    5. This, then, is the foundation of our faith--to know that the Son of 
God is begotten; if He be not begotten, neither is He the Son. Nor yet is 
it sufficient to call Him Son, unless you shall also distinguish Him as the 
Only-begotten Son. If He is a creature, He is not God; if He is not God, He 
is not the Life; if He is not the Life, then is He not the Truth.

    6. The first three tokens, therefore, that is to say, the names 
"generation," "Son," "Only-begotten," do show that the Son is of God 
originally and by virtue of His own nature.

    7. The three that follow--to wit, the names "God," "Life," "Truth," 
reveal His Power, whereby He hath laid the foundations of, and upheld, the 
created world. "For," as Paul said, "in Him we live and move and have our 
being;"' and therefore, in the first three the Son's natural right,(2) in 
the other three the unity of action subsisting between Father and Son is 
made manifest.

    8. The Son of God is also called the "image" and "effulgence" and 
"expression" [of God], for these names have disclosed the Father's 
incomprehensible and unsearchable Majesty dwelling in the Son, and the 
expression of His likeness in Him. These three names, then, as we see, 
refer to [the Son's] likeness [to the Father].(3)

    9. We have yet the operations of Power, Wisdom, and Justice left, 
wherewith, severally, to prove [the Son's] eternity.(4)

    10. This, then, is that robe, adorned with precious stones; this is the 
amice of the true Priest; this the bridal garment; here is the inspired 
weaver, who well knew how to weave that work. No common woven work is it, 
whereof the Lord spake by His Prophet: "Who gave to women their skill in 
weaving? '(5) No common stones again, are they--stones, as we find them 
called, "of filling; "(6) for all perfection depends on this condition, 
that there be nought lacking. They are stones joined together and set in 
gold--that is, of a spiritual kind; the joining of them by our minds and 
their setting in convincing argument. Finally Scripture teaches us how far 
from common are these stones, inasmuch as, whilst some brought one kind, 
and others another, of less precious offerings, these the devout princes 
brought, wearing them upon their shoulders, and made of them the 
"breastplate of judgment," that is, a piece of woven work. Now we have a 
woven work, when faith and action go together.

    11. Let none suppose me to be misguided, in that I made at first a 
threefold division, each part containing four, and afterwards a fourfold 
division, each part containing three terms. The beauty of a good thing 
pleases the more, if it be shown under various aspects. For those are good 
things, whereof the texture of the priestly robe was the token, that is to 
say, either the Law, or the Church, which latter hath made two garments for 
her spouse, as it is written'--the one of action, the other of spirit, 
weaving together the threads of faith and works. Thus, in one place, as we 
read, she makes a groundwork of gold, and afterwards weaves thereon blue, 
and purple, with scarlet, and white. Again, [as we read] elsewhere, she 
first makes little flowerets of blue and other colours, and attaches gold, 
and there is made a single priestly robe, to the end that adornments of 
diverse grace and beauty, made up of the same bright colours, may gain 
fresh glory by diversity of arrangement.

    12. Moreover (to complete our interpretation of these types), it is 
certain that by refined gold and silver are designated the oracles of the 
Lord, whereby our faith stands firm. "The oracles of the Lord are pure 
oracles, silver tried in the fire, refined of dross, purified seven 
times."(2) Now blue is like the air we breathe and draw in; purple, again, 
represents the appearance of water; scarlet signifies fire; and white 
linen, earth, for its origin is in the earth.(3) Of these four elements, 
again, the human body is composed.(1)

    13. Whether, then, you join to faith already present in the soul, 
bodily acts agreeing thereto; or acts come first, and faith be joined as 
their companion, presenting them to God--here is the robe of the minister 
of religion, here the priestly vestment.

    14. Faith is profitable, therefore, when her brow is bright with a fair 
crown of good works.(2) This faith--that I may set the matter forth 
shortly--is contained in the following principles, which cannot be 
overthrown. If the Son had His origin in nothing, He is not Son; if He is a 
creature, He is not the Creator; if He was made, He did not make all 
things; if He needs to learn, He hath no foreknowledge; if He is a 
receiver, He is not perfect; if He progress,(3) He is not God. If He is 
unlike (the Father) He is not the (Father's) image; if He is Son by grace, 
He is not such by nature;(4) if He have no part in the Godhead, He hath it 
in Him to sin.(5)"There is none good, but Godhead."(6)

CHAPTER I.

The Arian argument from S. Mark x. 18, "There is none good but one, that 
is, God," refuted by explanation of these words of Christ.

    15. The objection I have now to face, your sacred Majesty, fills me 
with bewilderment, my soul and body faint at the thought that there should 
be men, or rather not men, but beings with the outward appearance of men, 
but inwardly full of brutish folly--who can, after receiving at the hands 
of the Lord benefits so many and so great, say that the Author of all good 
things is Himself not good.

    16. It is written, say they, that "There is none good but God alone." I 
acknowledge the Scripture--but there is no falsehood in the letter; would 
that there were none in the Arians' exposition thereof. The written signs 
are guiltless, it is the meaning in which they are taken(7) that is to 
blame. I acknowledge the words as the words of our Lord and Saviour--but 
let us bethink ourselves when, to whom, and with what comprehension He 
speaks.

    17. The Son of God is certainly speaking as man, and speaking to a 
scribe,--to him, that is, who called the Son of God "Good Master," but 
would not acknowledge Him as God. What he believes not, Christ further 
gives him to understand, to the end that he may believe in God's Son not as 
a good master, but as the good God, for if, wheresoever the "One God" is 
named, the Son of God is never sundered from the fulness of that unity, 
how, when God alone is said to be good, can the Only-begotten be excluded 
from the fulness of Divine Goodness? The Arians must therefore either deny 
that the Son of God is God, or confess that God is good.

    18. With divinely inspired comprehension, then, our Lord said, not 
"There is none good but the Father alone," but "There is none good but God 
alone," and "Father" is the proper name of Him Who begets. But the unity of 
God by no means excludes the Godhead of the Three Persons, and therefore it 
is His Nature that is extolled. Goodness, therefore, is of the nature of 
God, and in the nature of God, again, exists the Son of God--wherefore that 
which the predicate expresses belongs not to one single Person, but to the 
[complete] unity [of the Godhead].(1)

    19. The Lord, then, doth not deny His goodness--He rebukes this sort of 
disciple. For when the scribe said, "Good Master," the Lord answered, "Why 
callest thou Me good? "--which is to say, "It is not enough to call Him 
good, Whom thou believest not to be God." Not such do I seek to be My 
disciples--men who rather consider My manhood and reckon Me a good master, 
than look to My Godhead and believe Me to be the good God."

CHAPTER II.

The goodness of the Son of God is proved from His works, namely, His 
benefits that He showed towards the people of Israel under the Old 
Covenant, and to Christians under the New. It is to one's own interest to 
believe in the goodness of Him Who is one's Lord and Judge. The Father's 
testimony to the Son. No small number of the Jewish people bear witness to 
the Son; the Arians therefore are plainly worse than the Jews. The words of 
the Bride, declaring the same goodness of Christ.

    20. Howbeit, I would not that the Son should rely on the mere 
prerogative of His nature and the claims of peculiar rights of His Majesty. 
Let us not call Him good, if He merit not the title; and if He merit not 
this by works, by acts of lovingkindness, let Him waive the right He enjoys 
by virtue of His nature, and be submitted to our judgment. He Who is to 
judge us disdains not to be brought to judgment, that He may be "justified 
in His saying, and clear when He is judged."(1)

    21. Is He then not good, Who hath shown me good things? Is He not good, 
Who when six hundred thousand of the people of the Jews fled before their 
pursuers, suddenly opened the tide of the Red Sea, an unbroken mass of 
waters?--so that the waves flowed round the faithful, and were walls to 
them, but poured back and overwhelmed the unbelievers.(2)

    22. Is He not good, at Whose command the seas became firm ground for 
the feet of them that fled, and the rocks gave forth water for the 
thirsty?(3) so that the handiwork of the true Creator might be known, when 
the fluid became solid, and the rock streamed with water? That we might 
acknowledge this as the handiwork of Christ, the Apostle said: "And that 
rock was Christ."(4)

    23. Is He not good, Who in the wilderness fed with bread from heaven 
such countless thousands of the people, lest any famine should assail them, 
without need of toil, in the enjoyment of rest?--so that, for the space of 
forty years, their raiment grew not old, nor were their shoes worn,(5) a 
figure to the faithful of the Resurrection that was to come, showing that 
neither the glory of great deeds, nor the beauty of the power wherewith He 
hath clothed us, nor the stream of human life is made for nought?

    24. Is He not good, Who exalted earth to heaven, so that, just as the 
bright companies of stars reflect His glory in the sky, as in a glass, so 
the choirs of apostles, martyrs, and priests, shining like glorious stars, 
might give light throughout the world.(6)

    25. Not only, then, is He good, but He is more. He is a good Shepherd, 
not only for Himself, but to His sheep also, "for the good shepherd layeth 
down his life for his sheep." Aye, He laid down His life to exalt ours--but 
it was in the power of His Godhead that He laid it down and took it again: 
"I have power to lay down My life, and I have power to take it. No man 
taketh it from Me, but I lay it down of Myself. "(1)

    26. Thou seest His goodness, in that He laid it down of His own accord: 
thou seest His power, in that He took it again--dost thou deny His 
goodness, when He has said of Himself in the Gospel, "If I am good, why is 
thine eye evil?"(2) Ungrateful wretch what doest thou? Dost thou deny His 
goodness, in Whom is thy hope of good things--if, indeed, thou believest 
this? Dost thou deny His goodness, Who hath given us what "eye hath not 
seen, nor ear heard"?(3)

    27. It concerns my interest to believe Him to be good, for "It is a 
good thing to trust in the Lord. "(4) It is to my interest to confess Him 
Lord, for it is written: "Give thanks unto the Lord, for He is good."(5)

    28. It is to my interest to esteem my Judge to be good, for the Lord is 
a righteous Judge to the house of Israel. If, then, the Son of God is 
Judge, surely, seeing that the Judge is the righteous God and the Son of 
God is Judge, [it follows that] He who is Judge and Son of God is the 
righteous God.(6)

    29. But perchance thou believest not others, nor the Son. Hear, then, 
the Father saying: "My heart hath brought forth out of its depth the good 
Word."(7) The Word, then, is good--the Word, of Whom it is written: "And 
the Word was with God, and the Word was God."(8) If, therefore, the Word is 
good, and the Son is the Word of God, surely, though it displease the 
Arians, the Son of God is God. Let them now at least blush for shame.

    30. The Jews used to say: "He is good." Though some said: "He is not," 
yet others said: "He is good,"--and ye do all deny His goodness.

    31. He is good who forgives the sin of one man; is He not good Who has 
taken away the sin of the world? For it was of Him that it was said: 
"Behold the Lamb of God, behold Him Who taketh away the sin of the 
world."(9)

    32. But why do we doubt? The Church hath believed in His goodness all 
these ages, and hath confessed its faith in the saying: "Let Him kiss me 
with the kisses of His mouth; for thy breasts are better than wine;"(1) and 
again: "And thy throat is like the goodliest wine." Of His goodness, 
therefore. He nourisheth us with the breasts of the Law and Grace, soothing 
men's sorrows with telling them of heavenly things; and do we, then, deny 
His goodness, when He is the manifestation of goodness, expressing in His 
Person the likeness of the Eternal Bounty, even as we showed above that it 
was written, that He is the spotless reflection and counterpart of that 
Bounty?(2)

CHAPTER III.

Forasmuch as God is One, the Son of God is God, good and true.

    33. Yet what think ye, who deny the goodness and true Godhead of the 
Son of God, though it is written that there is no God but One?(3) For 
although there be gods so-called, would you reckon Christ amongst them 
which are called gods, but are not, seeing that eternity is of His Essence, 
and that beside Him there is none other that is good and true God, 
forasmuch as God is in Him;(4) whilst it follows from the very nature of 
the Father, that after Him there is no other true God, because God is One, 
neither confounding [the Persons of] the Father and Son, as the Sabellians 
do, nor, like the Arians, severing the Father and the Son. For the Father 
and the Son, as Father and Son, are distinct persons, but they admit no 
division of their Godhead.

CHAPTER IV.

The omnipotence of the Son of God, demonstrated on the authority of the Old 
and the New Testament.

    34. Seeing, then, that the Son of God is true and good, surely He is 
Almighty God. Can there be yet any doubt on this point? We have already 
cited the place where it is read that "the Lord Almighty is His Name."(5) 
Because, then, the Son is Lord, and the Lord is Almighty, the Son of God is 
Almighty.

    35. But hear also such a passage as you can build no doubts upon:(1) 
"Behold, He cometh," saith the Scripture, "with the clouds, and every eye 
shall see Him, and they which pierced Him, and all the tribes of the earth 
shall mourn because of Him. Yea, amen. I am Alpha and Omega, saith the Lord 
God, Who is, and Who was, and Who is to come, the Almighty."(2) Whom, I 
ask, did they pierce? For Whose coming hope we but the Son's? Therefore, 
Christ is Almighty Lord, and God.

    36. Hear another passage, your sacred Majesty,--hear the voice of 
Christ. "Thus saith the Lord Almighty: After His glory(3) hath He sent me 
against the nations which have made spoil of you, forasmuch as he that 
toucheth you is as he that toucheth the pupil of His eye. For lo, I lay my 
hand upon them which despoiled you, and I will save you, and they shall be 
for a spoil, which made spoil of you, and they shall know that the Lord 
Almighty hath sent Me." Plainly, He Who speaks is the Lord Almighty, and He 
Who hath sent is the Lord Almighty. By consequence, then, almighty power 
appertains both to the Father and to the Son; nevertheless, it is One 
Almighty God, for there is oneness of Majesty.

    37. Moreover, that your most excellent Majesty may know that it is 
Christ which hath spoken as in the Gospel, so also in the prophet, He saith 
by the mouth of Isaiah, as though foreordaining the Gospel: "I Myself, Who 
spake, am come,"(4) that is to say, I, Who spake in the Law, am present in 
the Gospel.

    38. Elsewhere, again, He saith: "All things that the Father hath are 
Mine."(5) What meaneth He by "all things"? Clearly, not things created, for 
all these were made by the Son, but the things that the Father hath--that 
is to say, Eternity, Sovereignty, Godhead, which are His possession, as 
begotten of the Father. We cannot, then, doubt that He is Almighty, Who 
hath all things that the Father hath (for it is written: "All things that 
the Father hath are Mine").

CHAPTER V.

Certain passages from Scripture, urged against the Omnipotence of Christ, 
are resolved; the writer is also at especial pains to show that Christ not 
seldom spoke in accordance with the affections of human nature.

    39. Although it is written concerning God, "Blessed and only 
Potentate,"(1) yet I have no misgiving that the Son of God is thereby 
severed from Him, seeing that the Scripture entitled God, not the Father by 
Himself, the "only Potentate." The Father Himself also declares by the 
prophet, concerning Christ, that "I have set help upon one that is 
mighty."(2) It is not the Father alone, then, Who is the only Potentate; 
God the Son also is Potentate, for in the Father's praise the Son is 
praised too.

    40. Aye, let some one show what there is that the Son of God cannot do. 
Who was His helper, when He made the heavens,--Who, when He laid the 
foundations of the world?(3) Had He any need of a helper to set men free, 
Who needed none in constituting(4) angels and principalities?(5)

    41. "It is written," say they: "'My Father, if it be possible, take 
away this cup from Me.'(6) If, then, He is Almighty, how comes He to doubt 
of the possibility?" Which means that, because I have proved Him to be 
Almighty, I have proved Him unable to doubt of possibility.

    42. The words, you say, are the words of Christ. True--consider, 
though, the occasion of His speaking them, and in what character He speaks. 
He hath taken upon Him the substance of man,(7) and therewith its 
affections. Again, you find in the place above cited, that "He went forward 
a little further, and fell on His face, praying, and saying: Father, if it 
be possible."(8) Not as God, then, but as man, speaketh He, for could God 
be ignorant of the possibility or impossibility of aught? Or is anything 
impossible for God, when the Scripture saith: "For Thee nothing is 
impossible "?(9)

    43. Of Whom, howbeit, does He doubt--of Himself, or of the Father? Of 
Him, surely, Who saith: "Take away from Me,"--being moved as man is moved 
to doubt. The prophet reckons nothing impossible with God. The prophet 
doubts not; think you that the Son doubts? Wilt thou put God lower than 
man? What--God hath doubts of His Father, and is fearful at the thought of 
death! Christ, then, is afraid--afraid, whilst Peter fears nothing. Peter 
saith: "I will lay down my life for Thy sake."(1) Christ saith: "My soul is 
troubled."(2)

    44. Both records are true, and it is equally natural that the person 
who is the less should not fear, as that He Who is the greater should 
endure this feeling, for the one has all a man's ignorance of the might of 
death, whilst the other, as being God inhabiting a body, displays the 
weakness of the flesh, that the wickedness of those who deny the mystery of 
the Incarnation might have no excuse. Thus, then, hath He spoken, yet the 
Manichaean believed not;(3) Valentinus denied,and Marcion judged Him to be 
a ghost.

    45. But indeed He so far put Himself on a level with man, such as He 
showed Himself to be in the reality of His bodily frame, as to say, 
"Nevertheless, not as I will, but as Thou wilt,"(4) though truly it is 
Christ's especial power to will what the Father wills, even as it is His to 
do what the Father doeth.

    46. Here, then, let there be an end of the objection which it is your 
custom to oppose to us, on the ground that the Lord said, "Not as I will, 
but as Thou wilt;" and again, "For this cause I came down from heaven, not 
to do My own will, but the will of Him that sent Me."(5)

CHAPTER VI.

The passages of Scripture above cited are taken as an occasion for a 
digression, wherein our Lord's freedom of action is proved from the 
ascription to the Spirit of such freedom, and from places where it is 
attributed to the Son.

    47. Let us now, for the present, explain more fully why our Lord said, 
"If it be possible," and so call a truce, as it were, while we show that He 
possessed freedom of will. Ye deny--so far are ye gone in the way of 
iniquity--that the Son of God had a free will. Moreover, it is your wont to 
detract from the Holy Spirit, though you cannot deny that it is written: 
"The Spirit doth breathe, where He will."(6) "Where He will," saith the 
Scripture, not "where He is ordered." If, then, the Spirit doth breathe 
where He will, cannot the Son do what He will? Why, it is the very same Son 
of God Who in His Gospel saith that the Spirit has power to breathe where 
He will. Doth the Son, therefore, confess the Spirit to be greater, in that 
He has power to do what is not permitted to Himself?

    48. The Apostle also saith that "all is the work of one and the same 
Spirit, distributing to each according to His will."(1) "According to His 
will," mark you--that is, according to the judgment of a free will, not in 
obedience to compulsion. Furthermore, the gifts distributed by the Spirit 
are no mean gifts, but such works as God is wont to do,--the gift of 
healing and of working deeds of power. While the Spirit, then, distributes 
as He will, the Son of God cannot set free whom He will. But hear Him speak 
when He does even as He will: "I have willed to do Thy will, O my God;"(2) 
and again: "I will offer Thee a freewill offering."(3)

    49. The holy Apostle later knew that Jesus had it in His power to do as 
He would, and therefore, seeing Him walk upon the sea, said: "Lord, if it 
be Thou, bid me come to Thee over the waters."(4) Peter believed that if 
Christ commanded, the natural conditions could be changed, so that water 
might support human footsteps, and things discrepant be reduced to harmony 
and agreement. Peter asks of Christ to command, not to request: Christ 
requested not, but commanded, and it was done--and Arius denies it!

    50. What indeed is there that the Father will have, but the Son will 
not, or that the Son will have, but the Father will not? "The Father 
quickeneth whom He will," and the Son quickeneth whom He will, even as it 
is written.s Tell me now whom the Son hath quickened, and the Father would 
not quicken. Since, however, the Son quickeneth whom He will, and the 
action [of Father and Son] is one, you see that not only doeth the Son the 
Father's will, but the Father also doeth the Son's. For what is quickening 
but quickening through the passion of Christ? But the passion of Christ is 
the Father's will. Whom, therefore, the Son quickeneth, He quickeneth by 
the will of the Father; therefore their will is one.

    51. Again, what was the will of the Father, but that Jesus should come 
into the world and cleanse us from our sins? Hear the words of the leper: 
"If Thou wilt, Thou canst make me clean."(1) Christ answered, "I will," and 
straightway health, the effect, followed. See you not that the Son is 
master of His own will, and Christ's will is the same as the Father's. 
Indeed, seeing that He hath said, "All things that the Father hath are 
Mine,"(2) nothing of a certainty being excepted, the Son hath the same will 
that the Father hath.

CHAPTER VII

The resolution of the difficulty set forth for consideration is again taken 
in hand. Christ truly and really took upon Him a human will and affections, 
the source of whatsoever was not in agreement with His Godhead, and which 
must be therefore referred to the fact that He was at the same time both 
God and man.

    52. There is, therefore, unity of will where there is unity of working; 
for in God His will issues straightway in actual effect. But the will of 
God is one, and the human will another. Further, to show that life is the 
object of human will, because we fear death whilst the passion of Christ 
depended on the Divine Will, that He should suffer for us, the Lord said, 
when Peter would have detained Him from suffering: "Thou savourest not of 
the things which be of God, but the things which be of men."(3)

    53. My will, therefore, He took to Himself, my grief. In confidence I 
call it grief, because I preach His Cross. Mine is the will which He called 
His own, for as man He bore my grief, as man He spake, and therefore said, 
"Not as I will, but as Thou wilt." Mine was the grief, and mine the 
heaviness with which He bore it, for no man exults when at the point to 
die. With me and for me He suffers, for me He is sad, for me He is heavy. 
In my stead, therefore, and in me He grieved Who had no cause to grieve for 
Himself.

    54. Not Thy wounds, but mine, hurt Thee, Lord Jesus; not Thy death, but 
our weakness, even as the Prophet saith: "For He is afflicted for our 
sakes"(4)--and we, Lord, esteemed Thee afflicted, when Thou grievedst not 
for Thyself, but for me.

    55. And what wonder if He grieved for all, Who wept for one? What 
wonder if, in the hour of death, He is heavy for all, Who wept when at the 
point to raise Lazarus from the dead? Then, indeed, He was moved by a 
loving sister's tears, for they touched His human heart,--here by secret 
grief He brought it to pass that, even as His death made an end of death, 
and His stripes healed our scars, so also His sorrow took away our 
sorrow.(1)

    56. As being man, therefore, He doubts; as man He is amazed. Neither 
His power nor His Godhead is amazed, but His soul; He is amazed by 
consequence of having taken human infirmity upon Him. Seeing, then, that He 
took upon Himself a soul He also took the affections of a soul,(2) for God 
could not have been distressed or have died in respect of His being God. 
Finally, He cried: "My God, My God, why hast Thou forsaken Me?"(3) As being 
man, therefore, He speaks, bearing with Him my terrors, for when we are in 
the midst of dangers we think ourself abandoned by God. As man, therefore, 
He is distressed, as man He weeps, as man He is crucified.

    57. For so hath the Apostle Paul likewise said: "Because they have 
crucified the flesh of Christ."(4) And again the Apostle Peter saith: 
"Christ having suffered according to the flesh."(5) It was the flesh, 
therefore, that suffered; the Godhead above secure from death; to suffering 
His body yielded, after the law of human nature; can the Godhead die, then, 
if the soul cannot?" "Fear not them," said our Lord, "which can kill the 
body, but cannot kill the soul."(6) If the soul, then, cannot be killed, 
how can the Godhead?

    58. When we read, then, that the Lord of glory was crucified, let us 
not suppose that He was crucified as in His glory.(7) It is because He Who 
is God is also man, God by virtue of His Divinity, and by taking upon Him 
of the flesh, the man Christ Jesus, that the Lord of glory is said to have 
been crucified; for, possessing both natures, that is, the human and the 
divine, He endured the Passion in His humanity, in order that without 
distinction He Who suffered should be called both Lord of glory and Son of 
man, even as it is written: "Who descended from heaven."(1)

CHAPTER VIII.

Christ's saying, "The Father is greater than I," is explained in accordance 
with the principle just established. Other like sayings are expounded in 
like fashion. Our Lord cannot, as touching His Godhead, be called inferior 
to the Father.

    59. It was due to His humanity, therefore, that our Lord doubted and 
was sore distressed, and rose from the dead, for that which fell doth also 
rise again. Again, it was by reason of His humanity that He said those 
words, which our adversaries use to maliciously turn against Him: "Because 
the Father is greater than I."(2)

    60. But when in another passage we read: "I came out from the Father, 
and am come into the world; again, I leave the world, and go to the 
Father,"(3) how doth He go, except through death, and how comes He, save by 
rising again? Furthermore, He added, in order to show that He spake 
concerning His Ascension: "Therefore have I told you before it come to 
pass, in order that, when it shall have come to pass, ye may believe."(4) 
For He was speaking of the sufferings and resurrection of His body, and by 
that resurrection they who before doubted were led to believe--for, indeed, 
God, Who is always present in every place, passes not from place to place. 
As it is a man who goes, so it is He Himself Who comes. Furthermore, He 
says in another place: "Rise, let us go hence."(5) In that, therefore, doth 
He go and come, which is common to Him and to us.

    61. How, indeed, can He be a lesser God when He is perfect and true God 
Yet in respect of His humanity He is less--and still you wonder that 
speaking in the person of a man He called the Father greater than Himself, 
when in the person of a man He called Himself a worm, and not a man, 
saying: "But I am a worm, and no man; "(6) and again: "He was led as a 
sheep to the slaughter."(7)

    62. If you pronounce Him less than the Father in this respect, I cannot 
deny it; nevertheless, to speak in the words of Scripture, He was not 
begotten inferior, but "made lower,"(1) that is, made inferior. And how was 
He "made lower," except that, "being in the form of God, He thought it not 
a prey that He should be equal with God, but emptied Himself;"(2) not, 
indeed, parting with what He was, but taking up what He was not, for "He 
took the form of a servant."(3)

    63. Moreover, to the end that we might know Him to have been "made 
lower," by taking upon Him a body, David has shown that he is prophesying 
of a man, saying: "' What is man, that Thou art mindful of him, or the son 
of man, but that Thou visitest him? Thou hast made him a little lower than 
the angels."(4) And in interpreting this same passage the Apostle says: 
"For we see Jesus, made a little lower than the angels, crowned with glory 
and honour because that He suffered death. in order that apart from God He 
might taste death for all."(5)

    64. Thus, the Son of God was made lower than, not only the Father, but 
angels also. And if you will turn this to His dishonour; [I ask] is then 
the Son, in respect of His Godhead, less than His angels who serve Him and 
minister to Him? Thus, in your purpose to diminish His honour, you run into 
the blasphemy of exalting the nature of angels above the Son of God. But 
"the servant is not above his master."(6) Again, angels ministered to Him 
even after His Incarnation, to the end that you should acknowledge Him to 
have suffered no loss of majesty by reason of His bodily nature, for God 
could not submit to any loss of Himself,(7) whilst that which He has taken 
of the Virgin neither adds to nor takes away from His divine power.

    65. He, therefore, possessing the fulness of Divinity and glory,(3) is 
not, in respect of His Divinity, inferior. Greater and less are 
distinctions proper to corporeal existences; one who is greater is so in 
respect of rank, or qualities, or at any rate of age. These terms lose 
their meaning when we come to treat of the things of God. He is commonly 
entitled the greater who instructs and informs another, but it is not the 
case with God's Wisdom that it has been built up by teaching received from 
another, forasmuch as Itself hath laid the foundation of all teaching. But 
how wisely wrote the Apostle: "In order that apart from God He might taste 
death for all,"--lest we should suppose the Godhead, not the flesh, to have 
endured that Passion!

    66. If our opponents, then, have found no means to prove [the Father] 
greater [than the Son], let them not pervert words unto false reports, but 
seek out their meaning. I ask them, therefore, as touching what do they 
esteem the Father the greater? If it is because He is the Father, then [I 
answer] here we have no question of age or of time--the Father is not 
distinguished by white hairs, nor the Son by youthfulness --and it is on 
these conditions that the greater dignity of a father depends."(1) But 
"father" and "son" are names, the one of the parent, the other of the 
child--names which seem to join rather than separate; for dutifulness 
inspires no loss of personal worth, inasmuch as kinship binds men together, 
and does not rend them asunder.

    67. If, then, they cannot make the order of nature a support for any 
questioning, let them now believe the witness [of Scripture]. Now the 
Evangelist testifies that the Son is not lower [than the Father] by reason 
of being the Son; nay, he even declares that, in being the Son, He is 
equal, saying, "For the Jews sought to kill Him for this cause, that not 
only did He break the Sabbath, but even called God His own Father, making 
Himself equal to God."(2)

    68. This is not what the Jews said--it is the Evangelist who testifies 
that, in calling Himself God's own Son, He made Himself equal to God, for 
the Jews are not presented as saying, "For this cause we sought to kill 
Him;" the Evangelist, speaking for himself, says, "For the Jews sought to 
kill Him for this cause."(3) Moreover, he has discovered the cause, [in 
saying] that the Jews were stirred with desire to slay Him because, when as 
God He broke the Sabbath, and also claimed God as His own Father, He 
ascribed to Himself not only the majesty of divine authority in breaking 
the Sabbath, but also, in speaking of His Father, the right appertaining to 
eternal equality.

    69. Most fitting was the answer which the Son of God made to these 
Jews, proving Himself the Son and equal of God. "Whatsoever things," He 
said, "the Father hath done, the Son doeth also in like wise."(1) The Son, 
therefore, is both entitled and proved the equal of the Father--a true 
equality, which both excludes difference of Godhead, and discovers, 
together with the Son, the Father also, to Whom the Son is equal; for there 
is no equality where there is difference, nor again where there is but one 
person, inasmuch as none is by himself equal to himself. Thus hath the 
Evangelist shown why it is fitting that Christ should call Himself the Son 
of God, that is, make Himself equal with God.

    70. Hence the Apostle, following this revelation, hath said: "He 
thought it not a prey that He should be equal with God."(2) For that which 
a man has not he seeks to carry off as a prey. Equality with the Father, 
therefore, which, as God and Lord, He possessed in His own substance, He 
had not as a spoil wrongfully seized. Wherefore the Apostle added [the 
words]: "He took the form of a servant." Now surely a servant is the 
opposite of an equal. Equal, therefore, is the Son, in the form of God, but 
inferior in taking upon Him of the flesh and in His sufferings as a man. 
For how could the same nature be both lower and equal? And how, if [the 
Son] be inferior, can He do the same things, in like manner, as the Father 
doeth? How, indeed, can there be sameness of operation with diversity of 
power? Can the inferior ever work such effects as the greater, or can there 
be unity of operation where there is diversity of substance?

   71. Admit, therefore, that Christ, as touching His Godhead, cannot be 
called inferior [to the Father].(3) Christ speaks to Abraham: "By Myself 
have I sworn."(4) Now the Apostle shows that He Who swears by Himself 
cannot be lower than any. Thus he saith, "When God rewarded Abraham with 
His promise, He swore by Himself, forasmuch as He had none other that was 
greater, saying, Surely with blessing will I bless thee, and with 
multiplying will I multiply thee."(5) Christ had, therefore, none greater, 
and for that cause sware He by Himself. Moreover, the Apostle has rightly 
added, "for men swear by one greater than themselves," forasmuch as men 
have one who is greater than themselves, but God hath none.

    72. Otherwise, if our adversaries will understand this passage as 
referred to the Father, then the rest of the record does not agree with it. 
For the Father did not appear to Abraham, nor did Abraham wash the feet of 
God the Father, but the feet of Him in Whom is the image of the man that 
shall be.(1) Moreover, the Son of God saith, "Abraham saw My day, and 
rejoiced."(2) It is He, therefore, Who sware by Himself, [and] Whom Abraham 
saw.

    73. And how, indeed, hath He any greater than Himself Who is one with 
the Father in Godhead?(3) Where there is unity, there is no dissimilarity, 
whereas between greater and less there is a distinction. The teaching, 
therefore, of the instance from Scripture before us, with regard to the 
Father and the Son, is that neither is the Father greater, nor hath the Son 
any that is above Him, inasmuch as in Father and Son there is no difference 
of Godhead parting them, but one majesty.

CHAPTER IX.

The objection that the Son, being sent by the Father, is, in that regard at 
least, inferior, is met by the answer that He was also sent by the Spirit, 
Who is yet not considered greater than the Son. Furthermore, the Spirit, in 
His turn, is sent by the Father to the Son, in order that Their unity in 
action might be shown forth. It is our duty, therefore, carefully to 
distinguish what utterances are to be fitly ascribed to Christ as God, and 
what to be ascribed to Him as man.

    74. I have no fears in the matter of that commonly advanced objection, 
that Christ is inferior because He was sent. For even if He be inferior, 
yet this is not so proved;(4) on the other hand, His equal title to honour 
is in truth proved. Since all honour the Son as they honour the Father,(5) 
it is certain that the Son is not, in so far as being sent, inferior.

    75. Regard not, therefore, the narrow bounds of human language, but the 
plain meaning of the words, and believe facts accomplished. Bethink you 
that our Lord Jesus Christ said in Isaiah that He had been sent by the 
Spirit.(6) Is the Son, therefore, less than the Spirit because He was sent 
by the Spirit? Thus you have the record, that the Son declares Himself sent 
by the Father and His Spirit. "I am the beginning," He saith,(1) "and I 
live for ever, and My hand hath laid the foundations of the earth, My right 
hand hath made the heaven to stand abidingly;"(2) and further on: "I have 
spoken, and I have called; I have brought him, and have made his way to 
prosper. Draw ye near to Me, and hear these things: not in secret have I 
spoken from the beginning. When they were made, I was there: and now hath 
the Lord and His Spirit sent Me."(3) Here, indeed, He Who made the heaven 
and the earth Himself saith that He is sent by the Lord and His Spirit. Ye 
see, then, that the poverty of language takes not from the honour of His 
mission. He, then, is sent by the Father; by the Spirit also is He sent.

    76. And that you may gather that there is no separating difference of 
majesty, the Son in turn sends the Spirit, even as He Himself hath said: 
"But when the Comforter is come, whom I will send you from My Father--the 
Spirit of truth, who cometh forth from My Father."(4) That this same 
Comforter is also to be sent by the Father He has already taught, saying, 
"But the Comforter, that Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in My name. 
"(5) Behold their unity, inasmuch as whom God the Father sends, the Son 
sends also, and Whom the Father sends, the Spirit sends also. Else, if the 
Arians will not admit that the Son was sent, because we read that the Son 
is the right hand of the Father, then they themselves will confess with 
respect to the Father, what they deny concerning the Son, unless perchance 
they discover for themselves either another Father or another Son.

    77. A truce, then, to vain wranglings over words, for the kingdom of 
God, as it is written, consisteth not in persuasive words, but in power 
plainly shown forth. Let us take heed to the distinction of the Godhead 
from the flesh. In each there speaks one and the same Son of God, for each 
nature is present in Him; yet while it is the same Person Who speaks, He 
speaks not always in the same manner. Behold in Him, now the glory of God, 
now the affections of man. As God He speaks the things of God, because He 
is the Word; as man He speaks the things of man, because He speaks in my 
nature.

    78. "This is the living bread, which came down from heaven."(1) This 
bread is His flesh, even as He Himself said: "This bread which I will give 
is My flesh."(2) This is He Who came down from heaven, this is He Whom the 
Father hath sanctified and sent into this world. Even the letter itself 
teaches us that not the Godhead but the flesh needed sanctification, for 
the Lord Himself said, "And I sanctify Myself for them,"(3) in order that 
thou mayest acknowledge that He is both sanctified in the flesh for us, and 
sanctifies by virtue of His Divinity.

    79. This is the same One Whom the Father sent, but "born of a woman, 
born under the law,"(4) as the Apostle hath said. This is He Who saith: 
"The Spirit of the Lord is upon Me; wherefore He hath anointed Me, to bring 
good tidings to the poor hath He sent Me:"(5) This is He Who saith: My 
doctrine is not Mine, but His, Who sent Me. If any man will do His will, he 
shall know of the doctrine, whether it be of God, or whether I speak of 
Myself."(6) Doctrine that is of God, then, is one thing; doctrine that is 
of man, another; and so when the Jews, regarding Him as man, called in 
question His teaching,(7) and said," How knoweth this man letters, having 
never learnt?" Jesus answered and said, "My doctrine is not Mine," for, in 
teaching without elegance of letters, He seems to teach not as man, but 
rather as God, having not learned, but devised His doctrine.

    80. For He hath found and devised all the way of discipline, as we read 
above, inasmuch as of the Son of God it hath been said: "This is our God, 
and none other shall be accounted of in comparison with Him, Who hath found 
all the way of discipline. After these things He was seen on earth, and 
conversed with men."(8) How, then, could He, as divine, not have His own 
doctrine--He Who hath found all the way of discipline before He was seen on 
earth? Or how is He inferior, of Whom it is said, "None shall be accounted 
of in comparison with Him"? Surely He is entitled incomparable, in 
comparison of Whom none other can be accounted of--yet so that He cannot be 
accounted of before the Father. Now if men suppose that the Father is 
spoken of, they shall not escape running into the blasphemy of Sabellius, 
of ascribing the assumption of human nature to the Father.

    81. Let us proceed with what follows. "He who speaketh of himself, 
seeketh his own glory. "(1) See the unity wherein Father and Son are 
plainly revelled.(2) He who speaks cannot but be; yet that which He speaks 
cannot be solely from Him, for in Him all that is, is naturally derived 
from the Father.

    82. What now is the meaning of the words "seeketh his own glory"? That 
is, not a glory in which the Father has no part--for indeed the Word of God 
is His glory. Again, our Lord saith: "that they may see My glory."(3) But 
that glory of the Word is also the glory of the Father, even as it is 
written: "The Lord Jesus Christ is in the glory of God the Father."(4) In 
regard of His Godhead, therefore, the Son of God so hath His own glory, 
that the glory of Father and Son is one: He is not, therefore, inferior in 
splendour, for the glory is one, nor lower in Godhead, for the fulness of 
the Godhead is in Christ.(5)

    83. How, then, you ask, is it written, "Father, the hour is come; 
glorify Thy Son?"(6) He Who saith these words needs to be glorified, say 
you. Thus far you have eyes to see; the remainder of the Scripture you have 
not read, for it proceeds: "that Thy Son may glorify Thee." Hath ever the 
Father need of any, in that He is to be glorified by the Son ?

CHAPTER X.

The objection taken on the ground of the Son's obedience is disproved, and 
the unity of power, Godhead, and operation in the Trinity set forth, 
Christ's obedience to His mother, to whom He certainly cannot be called 
inferior, is noticed.

    84. In like manner our adversaries commonly make a difficulty of the 
Son's obedience, forasmuch as it is written: "And being found in appearance 
as a man, He humbled Himself, and became obedient even unto death."(1) The 
writer has not only told us that the Son was obedient even unto death, but 
also first shown that He was man, in order that we might understand that 
obedience unto death was the part not of His Godhead but of His 
Incarnation, whereby He took upon Himself both the functions and the names 
belonging to our nature.

    85. Thus we have learnt that the power of the Trinity is one, as we are 
taught both in and after the Passion itself: for the Son suffers through 
His body, which is the earnest of it; the Holy Spirit is poured upon the 
apostles: into the Father's hands the spirit is commended; furthermore, God 
is with a mighty voice proclaimed the Father. We have learnt that there is 
one form, one likeness, one sanctification, of the Father and of the Son, 
one activity, one glory, finally, one Godhead.

    86. There is, therefore, but one only God, for it is written: "Thou 
shall worship the Lord thy God, and Him only shall thou serve."(2) One God, 
not in the sense that the Father and the Son are the same Person, as the 
ungodly Sabellius affirms--but forasmuch as there is one Godhead of the 
Father and of the Son and of the Holy Ghost. But where there is one 
Godhead, there is one will, one purpose.

    87. Again, that thou mayest know that the Father is, and the Son is, 
and that the work of the Father and of the Son is one, follow the saying of 
the Apostle: "Now may God Himself, and our Father, and our Lord Jesus 
Christ direct our way unto you."(3) Both Father and Son are named, but 
there is unity of direction,(4) because unity of power. So also in another 
place we read: "Now may our Lord Himself, Jesus Christ, and God and our 
Father, Who hath loved us, and given us eternal consolation, and good hope 
in grace, console and strengthen your hearts."(5) How perfect a unity it is 
that the Apostle presents to us, insomuch that the fount of consolation is 
not many, but one. Let doubt be dumb, then, or, if it will not be overcome 
by reason, let the thought of our Lord's gracious kindliness bend it.

    88. Let us call to mind how kindly our Lord hath dealt with us, in that 
He taught us not only faith but manners also. For, having taken His place 
in the form of man, He was subject to Joseph and Mary.(1) Was He less than 
all mankind, then, because He was subject? The part of dutifulness is one, 
that of sovereignty is another, but dutifulness doth not exclude 
sovereignty. Wherein, then, was He subject to the Father's law? In His 
body, surely, wherein He was subject to His mother.

CHAPTER XI.

The purpose and healing effects of the Incarnation. The profitableness of 
faith, whereby we know that Christ bore all infirmities for our sakes,--
Christ, Whose Godhead revealed Itself in His Passion; whence we understand 
that the mission of the Son of God entailed no subservience, which belief 
we need not fear lest it displease the Father, Who declares Himself to be 
well pleased in His Son.

    89. Let us likewise deal kindly, let us persuade our adversaries of 
that which is to their profit, "let us worship and lament before the Lord 
our Maker."(2) For we would not overthrow, but rather heal; we lay no 
ambush for them, but warn them as in duty bound. Kindliness often bends 
those whom neither force nor argument will avail to overcome. Again, our 
Lord cured with oil and wine the man who, going down from Jerusalem to 
Jericho, fell among thieves; having forborne to treat him with the harsh 
remedies of the Law or the sternness of Prophecy.

    90. To Him, therefore, let all come who would be made whole. Let them 
receive the medicine which He hath brought down from His Father and made in 
heaven, preparing it of the juices of those celestial fruits that wither 
not. This is of no earthly growth, for nature nowhere possesseth this 
compound. Of wondrous purpose took He our flesh, to the end that He might 
show that the law of the flesh had been subjected to the law of the mind, 
He was incarnate, that He, the Teacher of men, might overcome as man.

    91. Of what profit would it have been to me, had He, as God, bared the 
arm of His power, and only displayed His Godhead inviolate? Why should He 
take human nature upon Him, but to suffer Himself to be tempted Under the 
conditions of my nature and my weakness? It was right that He should be 
tempted, that He should suffer with me. to the end that I might know how to 
conquer when tempted, how to escape when hard pressed. He overcame by force 
of continence, of contempt of riches, of faith; He trampled upon ambition, 
fled from intemperance, bade wantonness be far from Him.

    93. This medicine Peter beheld, and left His nets, that is to say, the 
instruments and security of gain, renouncing the lust of the flesh as a 
leaky ship, that receives the bilge, as it were, of multitudinous passions. 
Truly a mighty remedy, that not only removed the scar of an old wound, but 
even cut the root and source of passion. O Faith, richer than all treasure-
houses; O excellent remedy, healing our wounds and sins!

    93. Let us bethink ourselves of the profitableness of right belief. It 
is profitable to me to know that for my sake Christ bore my infirmities, 
submitted to the affections of my body, that for me, that is to say, for 
every man, He was made sin, and a curse,(1) that for me and in me was He 
humbled and made subject, that for me He is the Lamb, the Vine, the 
Rock,(2) the Servant, the Son of an handmaid,(3) knowing not the day of 
judgment, for my sake ignorant of the day and the hour.(4)

    94. For how could He, Who hath made days and times, be ignorant of the 
day? How could He not know the day, Who hath declared both the season of 
Judgment to come, and the cause?(5) A curse, then, He was made not in 
respect of His Godhead, but of His flesh; for it is written: "Cursed is 
every one that hangeth on a tree."(6) In and after the flesh, therefore, He 
hung, and for this cause He, Who bore our curses, became a curse.(7) He 
wept that thou, man, mightest not weep long. He endured insult, that thou 
mightest not grieve over the wrong done to thee.(8)

    95. A glorious remedy--to have consolation of Christ! For He bore these 
things with surpassing patience for our sakes--and we forsooth cannot bear 
them with common patience for the glory of His Name! Who may not learn to 
forgive, when assailed, seeing that Christ, even on the Cross, prayed,--
yea, for them that persecuted Him? See you not that those weaknesses, as 
you please to call them, of Christ's are your strength?(1) Why question Him 
in the matter of remedies for us? His tears wash us, His weeping cleanses 
us,--and there is strength in this doubt, at least, that if you begin to 
doubt, you will despair. The greater the insult, the greater is the 
gratitude due.

    96. Even in the very hour of mockery and insult, acknowledge His 
Godhead. He hung upon the Cross, and all the elements did Him homage.(2) 
The sun withdrew his rays, the daylight vanished, darkness came down and 
covered the land, the earth trembled; yet He Who hung there trembled not. 
What was it that these signs betokened, but reverence for the Creator? That 
He hangs upon the Cross--this, thou Arian, thou regardest; that He gives 
the kingdom of God--this, thou regardest not. That He tasted of death, thou 
readest, but that He also invited the robber into paradise,(3) to this thou 
givest no heed. Thou dost gaze at the women weeping by the tomb, but not 
upon the angels keeping watch by it.(4) What He said, thou readest: what He 
did, thou dost not read. Thou sayest that the Lord said to the Canaanitish 
woman: "I am not sent, but to the lost sheep of the house of Israel,"(5) 
thou dost not say that He did what He was besought by her to do.

    97. Thou shouldst hereby understand that His being "sent" means not 
that He was compelled, at the command of another, but that He acted, of 
free will, according to His own judgment, otherwise thou dost accuse Him of 
despising His Father. For if, according to thine expounding, Christ had 
come into Jewry, as one executing the Father's commands, to relieve the 
inhabitants of Jewry, and none besides, and yet before that was 
accomplished, set free the Canaanitish woman's daughter from her complaint, 
surely He was not only the executor of another's instruction, but was free 
to exercise His own judgment. But where there is freedom to act as one 
will, there can be no transgressing the terms of one's mission.

    98. Fear not that the Son's act displeased the Father, seeing that the 
Son Himself saith: "Whatsoever things are His good pleasure, I do always," 
and "The works that I do, He Himself doeth."(1) How, then, could the Father 
be displeased with that which He Himself did through the Son? For it is One 
God, Who, as it is written, "hath justified circumcision in consequence of 
faith, and uncircumcision through faith."(2)

    99. Read all the Scriptures, mark all diligently, you will then find 
that Christ so manifested Himself that God might be discerned in man. 
Misunderstand not maliciously the Son's exultation in the Father, when you 
hear the Father declaring His pleasure in the Son.

CHAPTER XII.

Do the Catholics or the Arians take the better course to assure themselves 
of the favour of Christ as their Judge? An objection grounded on Ps. cx. 1 
is disposed of, it being shown that when the Son is invited by the Father 
to sit at His right hand, no subjection is intended to be signified--nor 
yet any preferment, in that the Son sits at the Father's right hand. The 
truth of the Trinity of Persons in God, and of the Unity of their Nature, 
is shown to be proved by the angelic Trisagion.

    100. Howbeit, if our adversaries cannot be turned by kindness, let us 
summon them before the Judge. To what Judge, then, shall we go? Surely to 
Him Who hath the Judgment. To the Father, then? Nay, but "the Father 
judgeth no man, for He hath given all judgment to the Son."(3) He hath 
given, that is to say, not as of largess, but in the act of generation. 
See, then, how unwilling He was that thou shouldst dishonour His Son--even 
so that He gave Him to be thy Judge.

    101. Let us see, then, before the judgment which hath the better cause, 
thou or I? Surely it is the care of a prudent party to a suit to gain first 
the favourable regard of the judge. Thou dost honour man,--dost thou not 
honour God? Which of the two, I ask, wins the favour of the magistrate--
respect or contempt? Suppose that I am in error--as I certainly am not: is 
Christ displeased with the honour shown Him? We are all sinners--who, then, 
will deserve forgiveness, he who renders worship, or he who displays 
insolence?

    102. If reasoning move thee not, at least let the plain aspect of the 
judgment move thee! Raise thine eyes to the Judge, see Who it is that is 
seated, with Whom He is seated, and where. Christ sitteth at the right hand 
of the Father. If with thine eyes thou canst not perceive this, hear the 
words of the prophet: "The Lord said unto my Lord, Sit Thou on My right 
hand."(1) The Son, therefore, sitteth at the right hand of the Father. Tell 
me now, thou who holdest that the things of God are to be judged of from 
the things of this world--say whether thou thinkest Him Who sits at the 
right hand to be lower? Is it any dishonour to the Father that He sits at 
the Son's left hand? The Father honours the Son, and thou makest it to be 
insult! The Father would have this invitation to be a sign of love and 
esteem, and thou wouldst make it an overlord's command! Christ hath risen 
from the dead, and sitteth at the right hand of God.

    103. "But," you object, "the Father said." Good, hear now a passage 
where the Father doth not speak, and the Son prophesies: "Hereafter ye 
shall see the Son of Man sitting at the right hand of power."(2) This He 
said with regard to taking back to Himself His body--to Him(3) the Father 
said: "Sit Thou at My right hand." If indeed you ask of the eternal abode 
of the Godhead, He said--when Pilate asked Him whether He were the King of 
the Jews--"For this I was born."(4) And so indeed the Apostle shows that it 
is good for us to believe that Christ sitteth at the right hand of God, not 
by command, nor of any boon, but as God's most dearly beloved Son. For it 
is written for you: "Seek the things that are above, where Christ is, 
sitting at the right hand of God; savour the things that are above."(5) 
This is to savour the things that be above--to believe that Christ, in His 
sitting, does not obey as one who receives a command, but is honoured as 
the well-beloved Son. It is with regard, then, to Christ's Body that the 
Father saith: "Sit Thou at My right hand, until I make Thine enemies Thy 
footstool."

    104. If, again, you seek to pervert the sense of these words, "I will 
make Thine enemies Thy footstool," I answer that the Father also bringeth 
to the Son such as the Son raiseth up and quickeneth. For "No man," saith 
Christ, "can come to Me, except the Father, Which hath sent Me, draw him, 
and I will raise him up at the last day."(6) And you say that the Son of 
God is subject by reason of weakness--the Son, to Whom the Father bringeth 
men that He may raise them up in the last day. Seemeth this in your eyes to 
be subjection, I pray you, where the kingdom is prepared for the Father, 
and the Father bringeth to the Son and there is no place for perversion of 
words, since the Son giveth the kingdom to the Father, and none is 
preferred before Him?(1) For inasmuch as the Father rendereth to the Son, 
and the Son, again, to the Father, here are plain proofs of love and 
regard: seeing that They so render, the One to the Other, that neither He 
Who receiveth obtaineth as it were what was another's, nor He That 
rendereth loseth.

    105. Moreover, the sitting at the right hand is no preferment, nor doth 
that at the left hand betoken dishonour, for there are no degrees in the 
Godhead, Which is bound by no limits of space or time, which are the 
weights and measures of our puny human minds. There is no difference of 
love, nothing that divideth the Unity.

    106. But wherefore roam so far afield? Thou hast looked upon all around 
thee, thou hast seen the Judge, thou hast remarked the angels proclaiming 
Him. They praise, and thou revilest Him! Dominations and powers fall down 
before Him--thou speakest evil of His Name! All His Saints adore Him. but 
the Son of God adores not, nor the Holy Spirit. The seraphim say: "Holy, 
Holy, Holy!"(2)

    107. What meaneth this threefold utterance of the same name "Holy"? If 
thrice repeated, why is it but one act of praise? If one act of praise, why 
a threefold repetition? Why the threefold repetition, unless that the 
Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit are one in holiness? The seraph 
spake the name, not once, lest he should exclude the Son; not twice, lest 
he should pass by the Holy Spirit; not four times, lest he should conjoin 
created beings [in the praise of the Creator]. Furthermore, to show that 
the Godhead of the Trinity is One, he, after the threefold "Holy," added in 
the singular number "the Lord God of Sabaoth." Holy, therefore, is the 
Father, holy the Son, holy likewise the Spirit of God, and therefore is the 
Trinity adored, but adores not, and is praised, but praises not. As for me, 
I will rather believe as the seraphim, and adore after the manner of all 
the principalities and powers of heaven.

CHAPTER XIII.

The wicked and dishonourable opinions held by Arians, Sabellians, and 
Manichaeans as concerning their Judge are shortly refuted. Christ's 
remonstrances regarding the rest of His adversaries being set forth, St. 
Ambrose expresses a hope of milder judgment for himself.

    108. Let us proceed, then, with your accusations, and see how you gain 
the favour of your Judge. Speak now, speak, I say, and tell Him: "I 
consider Thee, O Christ, to be unlike Thy Father; "and He will answer: 
"Mark, if thou canst, mark, I say, and tell Me wherein thou holdest Me to 
differ."

    109. Say again: "I judge Thee to be a created being;" and Christ will 
reply: "If the witness of two men is true, oughtest thou not to have 
believed both Me and My Father, Who hath called Me His Son?"

    110. Then you will say: "I deny Thy [perfect] goodness;" and He will 
answer: "Be it unto thee according to thy faith; so will I not be good to 
thee."

    111. "That Thou art Almighty, I hold not;" and He will answer, in turn: 
"Then can I not forgive thee thy sins."

    112. "Thou art a subject being." Whereto He will reply: "Why, then, 
dost thou seek freedom and pardon of Him Whom thou thinkest to be subject 
as a slave?"

    113. I see your accusation halt here. I press you not, forasmuch as I 
myself know my own sins. I grudge you not pardon, for I myself would obtain 
indulgence, but I would know the object of your prayers. Look, then, whilst 
I recite before the Judge your desires. I betray not your sins, but look to 
behold your prayers and wishes set forth in their order.

    114. Speak, therefore, those desires, which all alike would have 
granted to them. "Lord, make me in the image of God." Whereto He will 
answer: "In what image? The image which thou hast denied?"

    115. "Make me incorruptible." Surely His reply will be: "How can I make 
thee incorruptible, I, Whom thou callest a created being, and so wouldst 
make out to be corruptible? The dead shall rise purified from corruption--
dost thou call Him corruptible Whom thou seest to be God?"

    116. "Be good to me." "Why dost thou ask what thou hast denied [to Me]? 
I would have had thee to be good, and I said ' Be ye holy, for I Myself am 
holy,'(1) and thou settest thyself to deny that I am good? Dost thou then 
look for forgiveness of sins? Nay, none can forgive sins, but God alone.(1) 
Seeing, then, that to thee I am not the true and only God, I cannot by any 
means forgive thee thy sins."

    117. Thus let the followers of Arius and Photinus speak. "I deny Thy 
Godhead." To whom the Lord will make answer: "'The fool hath said in his 
heart: There is no God'(2) Of whom, think you, is this said?--of Jew or 
Gentile, or of the devil. Whosoever he be of whom it is said, O disciple of 
Photinus, he is more to be borne with, who held his peace;(3) thou, 
nevertheless, hast dared to lift up thy voice to utter it, that thou 
mightest be proved more foolish than the fool. Thou deniest My Godhead, 
whereas I said, 'Ye are gods, and ye are all the children of the Most 
Highest?'(4) And thou deniest Him to be God, Whose godlike works thou seest 
around thee."

    118. Let the Sabellian speak in his turn. "I consider Thee, by Thyself, 
to be at once Father and Son and Holy Spirit." To whom the Lord: "Thou 
hearest neither the Father nor the Son. Is there any doubt on this matter? 
The Scripture itself teaches thee that it is the Father Who giveth over the 
judgment, and the Son Who judges.(5) Thou hast not given ear to My words: 
'I am not alone, but I and the Father, Who sent Me.'"(6)

    119. Now let the Manichaean have his word. "I hold that the devil is 
the creator of our flesh." The Lord will answer him: "What, then, doest 
thou in the heavenly places? Depart, go thy way to thy creator. 'My will is 
that they be with Me, whom my Father hath given Me.' Thou, Manichaean, 
holdest thyself for a creature of the devil; hasten, then, to his abode, 
the place of fire and brimstone, where the fire thereof is not quenched, 
lest ever the punishment have an end."

    120. I set aside other heretical--not persons, but portents. What 
manner of judgment awaits them, what shall be the form of their sentence? 
To all these He will, indeed, reply, rather in sorrow than in anger: "O My 
people, what have I done unto thee, wherein have I vexed thee? Did I not 
bring thee up out of Egypt, and lead thee out of the house of bondage into 
liberty?"(1)

    121. But it is not enough to have brought us out of Egypt into freedom, 
and to have saved us from the house of bondage: a greater boon than this, 
Thou hast given Thyself for us. Thou wilt say then: "Have I not borne all 
your sufferings?(2) Have I not given My Body for you? Have I not sought 
death, which had no part in My Godhead, but was necessary for your 
redemption? Are these the thanks I am to receive? Is it this that My Blood 
hath gained, even as I spake in times past by the mouth of the prophet: 
'What profit is there in My Blood, for that I have gone down to 
corruption?'(3) Is this the profit, that you should wickedly deny Me--you, 
for whom I endured those things?"

    122. As for me, Lord Jesu, though I am conscious within myself of great 
sin, yet will I say: "I have not denied Thee; Thou mayest pardon the 
infirmity of my flesh. My transgression I confess; my sin I deny not.(4) If 
Thou wilt Thou canst make me clean.(5) For this saying, the leper obtained 
his request. Enter not, I pray, into judgment with Thy servant.(6) I ask, 
not that Thou mayest judge, but that Thou mayest forgive."

CHAPTER XIV.

The sentence of the Judge is set forth, the counter-pleas of the opposers 
are considered, and the finality of the sentence, from which there is no 
appeal, proved.

    123. What verdict do we look for from Christ? That do I know. Do I say, 
what verdict will He give? Nay, He hath already pronounced sentence. We 
have it in our hands. "Let all," saith He, "honour the Son, even as they 
honour the Father. He that honoureth not the Son, honoureth not the Father, 
Who hath sent Him. "(7)

    124. If the sentence please you not, appeal to the Father, cancel the 
judgment that the Father hath given. Say that He hath a Son Who is unlike 
Him. He will reply: "Then have I lied, I, Who said to the Son, 'Let us make 
man in Our image and likeness.'"(8)

    125. Tell the Father that He hath created the Son, and He will answer: 
"Why, then, hast thou worshipped One Whom thou thoughtest to be a created 
being?"

    126. Tell Him that He hath begotten a Son Who is inferior to Himself, 
and He will reply: "Compare Us, and let Us see."

    127. Tell Him that you owed no credence to the Son, whereto He will 
answer: "Did I not say to thee, ' This is My well-beloved Son, in Whom I am 
well pleased: hear ye Him'?"(1) What mean these words "hear ye Him," if not 
"Hear Him when He saith: 'All things that the Father hath are Mine' "?(2) 
This did the apostles hear, even as it is written: "And they fell upon 
their faces, and were greatly afraid."(3) If they who confessed Him fell to 
the earth, what shall they do who have denied Him? But Jesus laid His hand 
upon His apostles, and raised them up--you He will suffer to lie prone, 
that ye may see not the glory ye have denied.

    128. Let us look to it, then, forasmuch as whom the Son condemneth, the 
Father condemneth also, and therefore let us honour the Son, even as we 
honour the Father, that by the Son we may be able to come to the Father.

CHAPTER XV.

St. Ambrose deprecates any praise of his own merits: in any case, the Faith 
is sufficiently defended by the authoritative support of holy Scripture, to 
whose voice the Arians, stubborn as the Jews, are deaf. He prays that they 
may be moved to love the truth; meanwhile, they are to be avoided, as 
heretics and enemies of Christ.

    129. These arguments, your Majesty, I have set forth, briefly and 
summarily, in the rough, rather than in any form of full explanation and 
exact order. If indeed the Arians regard them as imperfect and unfinished, 
I indeed confess that they are scarce even begun; if they think that there 
be any still to be brought forward, I allow that there be well-nigh all; 
for whereas the unbelievers are in uttermost need of arguments, the 
faithful have enough and to spare. Indeed, Peter's single confession was 
abundant to warrant faith in Christ: "Thou art the Christ, the Son of the 
living God;"(4) for it is enough to know His Divine Generation, without 
division or diminution, being neither derivation nor creation.(5)

    130. This, indeed, is declared in the books of Holy Writ, one and all, 
and yet is still doubted by misbelievers: "For," as it is written, "the 
heart of this people is become gross, and with their ears they have been 
dull of hearing, and their eyes have they darkened, lest ever they should 
see with their eyes, and hear with their ears, and understand in their 
heart."(1) For, like the Jews, the Arians' wont is to stop their ears, or 
make an uproar, as often as the Word of salvation is heard.

    131. And what wonder, if unbelievers doubt the word of man, when they 
refuse to believe the Word of God? The Son of God, as you will find it 
written in the Gospel, said: "Father, glorify Thy Name," and from heaven 
was heard the voice of the Father, saying: "I have both glorified it, and 
again will glorify."(2) These words the unbelievers heard, but believed 
not. The Son spake, the Father answered, and the Jews said: "A peal of 
thunder answered Him;" others said: "An angel spake to Him."(3)

    132. Paul, moreover, as it is written in the Acts of the Apostles,(4) 
when by the Voice of Christ he received the call of grace, several 
companions journeying with him at the same time, alone said that he had 
heard Christ's Voice. Thus, your sacred Majesty, he who believes, hears--
and he hears, that he may believe, whilst he who believes not, hears not, 
nay, he will not, he cannot hear, lest he should believe!

    133. As for me, indeed, would that they might have a will to hear, that 
they might believe--to hear with true love and meekness, as men seeking 
what is true, and not assailing all truth. For it is written that we pay no 
heed to "endless fables and genealogies, which do rather raise disputes 
than set forward the godly edification, which is in faith. But the aim of 
the charge is love from a pure heart, and a good conscience, and faith 
unfeigned, whence some have erred and betaken themselves to empty babbling, 
desirous of being teachers of the law, without understanding the words they 
say, nor the things whereof they speak with assurance."(1) In another place 
also the same Apostle saith: "But foolish and ignorant questionings do thou 
avoid."(2)

    134. Such men, who sow disputes--that is to say, heretics--the Apostle 
bids us leave alone. Of them he says in yet another place, that "certain 
shall depart from the faith, giving heed to deceitful spirits, and the 
doctrines of devils."(3)

    135. John, likewise, saith that heretics are Antichrists,(4) plainly 
marking out the Arians. For this [Arian] heresy began to be after all other 
heresies, and hath gathered the poisons of all. As it is written of the  
Antichrist, that "he opened his mouth to blasphemy against God, to 
blaspheme His Name, and to make war with His saints,"(5) so do they also 
dishonour the Son of God, and His martyrs have they not spared. Moreover, 
that which perchance Antichrist will not do, they have falsified the holy 
Scriptures. And thus he who saith that Jesus is not the Christ, the same is 
Antichrist; he who denies the Saviour of the world, denies Jesus; he who 
denies the Son, denies the Father also, for it is written; "Every one which 
denieth the Son, denieth the Father likewise."(6)

CHAPTER XVI.

St. Ambrose assures Gratian of victory, declaring that it has been foretold 
in the prophecies of Ezekiel. This hope is further stayed upon the 
emperor's piety, the former disasters being the punishment of Eastern 
heresy.(7) The book doses with a prayer to God, that He will now show His 
mercy, and save the army, the land, and the sovereign of the faithful.

    136. I must no further detain your Majesty, in this season of 
preparation for war, and the achievement of victory over the Barbarians. Go 
forth, sheltered, indeed, under the shield of faith, and girt with the 
sword of the Spirit; go forth to the victory, promised of old time, and 
foretold in oracles given by God.

    137. For Ezekiel, in those far-off days, already prophesied the 
minishing of our people, and the Gothic wars, saying: "Prophesy, therefore, 
Son of Man, and say: O Gog, thus saith the Lord--Shalt thou not, in that 
day when My people Israel shall be established to dwell in peace, rise up 
and come forth from thy place, from the far north, and many nations with 
thee, all riders upon horses, a great and mighty gathering, and the valour 
of many hosts? Yea, go up against my people Israel, as clouds to cover the 
land, in the last days."(1)

    138. That Gog is the Goth, whose coming forth we have already seen, and 
over whom victory in days to come is promised, according to the word of the 
Lord: "And they shall spoil them, who had been their despoilers, and 
plunder them, who had carried off their goods for a prey, saith the Lord. 
And it shall be in that day, that I will give to Gog"--that is, to the 
Goths--"a place that is famous, for Israel an high-heaped tomb of many men, 
of men who have made their way to the sea, and it shall reach round about, 
and close the mouth of the valley, and there [the house of Israel shall] 
overthrow Gog and all his multitude, and it shall be called the valley of 
the multitude of Gog: and the house of Israel shall overwhelm them, that 
the land may be cleansed."(2)

    139. Nor, furthermore, may we doubt, your sacred Majesty, that we, who 
have undertaken the contest with alien unbelief, shall enjoy the aid of the 
Catholic Faith that is strong in you. Plainly indeed the reason of God's 
wrath has been already made manifest, so that belief in the Roman Empire 
was first overthrown, where faith in God gave way.(3)

    140. No desire have I to recount the deaths, tortures, and banishments 
of confessors, the offices of the faithful made into presents for 
traitors.(4) Have we not heard, from all along the border,--from Thrace, 
and through Dacia by the river, Moesia, and all Valeria of the Pannonians,-
-a mingled tumult of blasphemers preaching and barbarians invading? What 
profit could neighbours so bloodthirsty bring us, or how could the Roman 
State be safe with such defenders?(5)

    141. Enough, yea, more than enough, Almighty God, have we now atoned 
for the deaths of confessors, the banishment of priests, and the guilt of 
wickedness so overweening, by our own blood, our own banishment--
sufficiently plain is it that they, who have broken faith, cannot be safe. 
Turn again, O Lord, and set up the banners of Thy faith.

    142. No military eagles, no flight of birds,(1) here lead the van of 
our army, but Thy Name, Lord Jesus, and Thy worship. This is no land of 
unbelievers, but the land whose custom it is to send forth confessors--
Italy; Italy, ofttimes tempted, but never drawn away; Italy, which your 
Majesty hath long defended, and now again rescued from the barbarian. No 
wavering mind in our emperor, but faith firm fixed.

    143. Show forth now a plain sign of Thy Majesty, that he who believes 
Thee to be the true Lord of Hosts, and Captain of the armies of heaven; he 
who believes that Thou art the true Power and Wisdom of God, no being of 
time nor of creation, but even as it is written, the eternal Power and 
Divinity of God,(1) may, upheld by the aid of thy Might Supreme, win the 
prize of victory for his Faith.